KNOW THESE 6 DISEASES THAT ATTACK THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Written by: Group 3, Class B

1.    Parkinson’s

Source : SMC RS. Telogorejo

 

What is Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson's disease was discovered by a British scientist named James Parkinson in 1817. Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disease that affects the movement of the human body (hypokinetic movement disorder). This disease causes sufferers to lack control over their body movements.

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

Some of the conditions that cause Parkinson's are:

-       Genetics

A number of genetic factors have been shown to increase a person's risk of developing Parkinson's disease, although how exactly it makes some people more susceptible to the condition is unclear. Parkinson's disease can run in families as a result of faulty genes being passed on to children by their parents. But the disease is rarely inherited this way.

-       Environmental factor

Some researchers also reveal that environmental factors can increase a person's risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Pesticides and herbicides used in agriculture and traffic or industrial pollution can cause the condition. But the evidence linking environmental factors to Parkinson's disease is inconclusive. Pesticide exposure in humans is classified into two categories, namely occupational exposure and non occupational exposure. Occupational exposure occurs in individuals whose work is directly related to pesticides such as farmers, farming families and pesticide applicators. Meanwhile, non-occupational exposure occurs in individuals who live near agricultural land and places where pesticides are sprayed. Thus, all agricultural communities are at risk of experiencing health problems such as diseases parkinsonism due to pesticide exposure

 

How is Parkinson’s disease treated?

There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but medications can help control symptoms. In some cases, it may be recommended.

Medication

Medications can help you deal with problems with walking, moving, and shaking. These drugs increase or replace dopamine. People with Parkinson's disease have low brain dopamine concentrations. However, dopamine cannot be administered directly, as it cannot enter your brain.

Medications that can be taken include:

1.    Inhaled carbidopa-levodopa

It may be helpful in managing symptoms that arise when oral medications suddenly stop working during the day.

2.    Dopamine agonists.

Dopamine agonists do not change to dopamine. Instead, they mimic the effects of dopamine in your brain.

3.    MAOB inhibitor.

They help prevent brain dopamine damage by inhibiting the brain enzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO B). This enzyme metabolizes the brain's dopamine.

4.    Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors.

This drug slightly prolongs the therapeutic effect of levodopa by blocking the enzyme that breaks down dopamine.

5.    Anticholinergic.

These medications have been used for years to help control the tremors associated with Parkinson's disease.

Surgery

Deep brain stimulation. In deep brain stimulation (DBS), the surgeon will implant electrodes into specific parts of your brain. The electrodes are connected to a generator implanted in your chest near your collarbone that sends electrical pulses to your brain and can reduce your Parkinson's disease symptoms.

 

How to avoid Parkinson’s disease?

While there is no definite way to prevent Parkinson's disease, eating a "brain healthy" diet and incorporating physical activity into your daily routine can help reduce your risk or delay the onset of symptoms.

1.    Diet

Research shows that sticking to certain diets and eating patterns can nourish your brain by delaying or stopping the manifestations of PD. Research shows that sticking to certain diets and eating patterns can nourish your brain by delaying or stopping the manifestations of PD. Some examples of diets that can be your options are the Mediterranean diet and the MIND diet.

2.    Exercise

Findings from clinical trials have shown that exercise, especially moderate to vigorous physical activity, is associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson's. The reason why physical activity may protect against Parkinson's is not fully known.

 

Experts suspect that exercise can reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and the abnormal accumulation of a protein called alpha-synuclein in the brain. Regular physical activity also reduces the chances of obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease.

In addition, because vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk of developing Parkinson's, increased vitamin D levels from sun exposure may play a role in protecting you from Parkinson's.

 

2.    Bell's palsy

Source : Mayo Foundation For Medical Education and Research, 2017

 

What is Bell’s palsy?

Bell’s palsy is a condition that causes a temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face. It can occur when the nerve that controls your facial muscles becomes inflamed, swollen, or compressed.

 

What causes Bell’s palsy?

Bell’s palsy occurs when the seventh cranial nerve becomes swollen or compressed, resulting in facial weakness or paralysis. The exact cause of this nerve damage is unknown, but many medical researchers Trusted Source believe it’s most likely triggered by a viral infection.

The viruses and bacteria that have been linked to the development of Bell’s palsy include:

●   herpes simplex, which causes cold sores and genital herpes

●   HIV, which damages the immune system

●   sarcoidosis, which causes organ inflammation

●   herpes zoster virus, which causes chickenpox and shingles

●   Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis

●   Lyme disease, which is a bacterial infection caused by infected ticks

 

How is Bell's palsy treated?

If a specific cause for Bell’s palsy is identified, such as infection, that cause will be treated. Otherwise, the symptoms are treated as needed.

One uniformly recommended treatment for Bell's palsy is protecting the eye from drying at night or while working at a computer. Eye care may include eye drops during the day, ointment at bedtime, or a moisture chamber at night. This helps protect the cornea from being scratched, which is crucial to the management of Bell's palsy.

Other treatment options include:

●     Steroids to reduce inflammation

●     Antiviral medicine, such as acyclovir

●     Analgesics or moist heat to relieve pain

●     Physical therapy to stimulate the facial nerve

Some people may choose to use alternative therapies in the treatment of Bell's palsy, but there is no proof they make a difference in recovery. Such treatment may include:

●     Relaxation

●     Acupuncture

●     Electrical stimulation

●     Biofeedback training

●     Vitamin therapy, including B12, B6, and the mineral zinc

 

How to avoid Bell’s palsy?

You can't prevent or avoid Bell's palsy. Contact your doctor when symptoms first begin to start treatment.

 

3.    Meningitis

Source: Tought.co

 

What is Meningitis?

Meningitis is an infection of the meninges. Meninges are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (nhs, 2019).

What causes Meningitis?

This disease is usually caused by viruses or bacteria, and sometimes it is caused by a fungus. The four main causes of acute bacterial meningitis are neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus), streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus), and haemophilus influenzae. Virus and bacteria are spread from person to person through close contact, such as sneezing, sharing personal items, kissing, and coughing.

How is Meningitis treated?

Treatment depends on the type of meningitis that the patient has:

a.    Bacterial meningitis

Acute bacterial meningitis can be treated with antibiotics that are usually combined with corticosteroids. The type of antibiotic and the combination of drugs used depends on the type of bacteria causing the infection. Before the type of bacterial cause is clearly found, generally the doctor will give a broad-spectrum type of antibiotic.

b.    Viral meningitis

Treatment in mild viral meningitis usually enough with bed rest, consumption of plenty of fluids, and painkiller to treat symptoms. The use of corticosteroids may also be done to reduce swelling in the brain. If symptoms such as seizures occur, the doctor will prescribe anticonvulsant drugs.

c.    Fungal meningitis

Doctors treat fungal meningitis with long courses of high-dose antifungal medications, often given directly into a vein through an IV. The total length of treatment depends on the patient’s immune system and the type of fungus causing the infection.

d.   Other types of meningitis

Non-communicable types of meningitis such as non-infectious meningitis are usually treated using corticosteroid medications. If meningitis is cancer-related, then special cancer therapy is needed to overcome it.

 

How to avoid Meningitis?

To avoid meningitis and keep our nervous system healthy are:

a.    Washing hands before eating

b.    Avoid sharing drinks, food, straws, cutlery, toothbrushes, or personal items with others.

c.    Get used to covering your mouth when sneezing or coughing.

d.   Apply a healthy lifestyle such as consumption of balanced nutritious foods, regular exercise, and adequate rest

e.    Do the meningitis vaccine. The meningitis vaccine contains antigens, which are substances that can stimulate the immune system to form antibodies and fight the bacteria that cause meningitis. There are 2 types of meningitis vaccine currently available, namely menACWY and MenB. Both vaccines are considered capable of protecting against all kinds of diseases caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which is one type of germ that can cause meningitis.

 

4.    Stroke

 

What is Stroke?

Stroke are symptoms of neurological function deficits caused by cerebrovascular disease, not by other causes (WHO). Nerve function disorders in stroke are caused by non-traumatic cerebral blood circulation disorders.

What causes Stroke?

There are two main causes of stroke:

1.     A blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or leaking

Ischemic stroke It happens when the brain's blood vessels become narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood flow (ischemia). Blocked or narrowed blood vessels are caused by fatty deposits that build up in blood vessels or by blood clots or other debris that travel through the bloodstream, most often from the heart, and lodge in the blood vessels in the brain.

2.     Bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke).

Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures. Brain hemorrhages can result from many conditions that affect the blood vessels.

 

 Factors related to hemorrhagic stroke include:

1.     Uncontrolled high blood pressure

2.    Overtreatment with blood thinners (anticoagulants)

3.    Bulges at weak spots in your blood vessel walls (aneurysms)

4.    Trauma (such as a car accident)

5.    Protein deposits in blood vessel walls that lead to weakness in the vessel wall (cerebral amyloid angiopathy)

6.    Ischemic stroke leading to hemorrhage

How is Stroke treated?

1.    Ischemic stroke

A.  Thrombectomy

Thrombectomy is only effective at treating ischaemic strokes caused by a blood clot in a large artery in the brain. It's most effective when started as soon as possible after a stroke.

B.  Aspirin and other antiplatelets

Most people will be offered a regular dose of aspirin. As well as being a painkiller, aspirin is an antiplatelet, which reduces the chances of another clot forming.

C.  Anticoagulants

Anticoagulants prevent blood clots by changing the chemical composition of the blood in a way that prevents clots from forming.

Warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban and rivaroxaban are examples of anticoagulants for long-term use.

2.    Hemorrhagic stroke

Treatment for hemorrhagic stroke can be done with surgery, the surgeon will repair any damaged blood vessels and ensure there are no blood clots present that may restrict the blood flow to the brain. After the bleeding has been stopped, the piece of bone removed from the skull is replaced, often by an artificial metal plate.

 

How to avoid Stroke?

Many stroke prevention strategies are the same as strategies to prevent heart disease. In general, healthy lifestyle recommendations include:

1.         Controlling high blood pressure (Hypertension) .

2.       Quitting tobacco use.

3.      Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

4.     Avoiding illegal drugs

5.       Managing diabetes

 

5.    Epilepsy

Source: bilheal.bilkent.edu.tr

What is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which activity in the brain becomes abnormal and causes seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensation and sometimes loss of consciousness.

In epilepsy, the electrical signals in the brain become disorganized and sometimes there are sudden bursts of electrical activity. This is what causes seizures.

What causes Epilepsy?

In most cases, it doesn't explain why this is happening. This may be due in part to genes that affect how the brain works, as about 1 in 3 people with epilepsy have a family member with it. Sometimes, epilepsy can be caused by brain damage, such as damage to the:

●     Stroke

●     brain tumor

●     severe head injury

●     drugs or alcohol

●     brain infection

●     deficiency during childbirth

 

How is Epilepsy treated?

Until now there is no treatment method that can cure epilepsy, but there are several actions that can be taken to stabilize electrical activity in the brain:

a.     Drugs

The drugs given are anti-seizure and antiepilepsn to reduce the frequency of seizures. Types include valproate acid, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and topiramate.

b.    Therapy

Therapies performed to overcome epilepsy include: vagus nerve stimulation, ketogenic diet, and deep brain stimulation

c.     Operation

Surgery will be done if drugs and therapies are not effective to overcome epilepsy. The procedure aims to remove a small part of the brain and cut off nerve pathways within the brain that cause seizures. 

 

How to avoid Epilepsy?

There are several ways that can prevent health problems that may trigger epilepsy:

a.    Eat a full and balanced nutritious diet

b.    Wearing a helmet while riding a motorcycle and seat belt when driving a car

c.    Wash your hands before and after preparing food

d.   Undergo immunization

e.    No smoking

f.     Checking the womb regularly to lower the risk of epilepsy in infants

 

6.    Multiple Sclerosis

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Multiple sclerosis is a nervous disorder of the brain, eyes, and spine. Multiple sclerosis will cause disturbances in vision and body movements.

What causes Multiple Sclerosis?

Experts still don’t know for sure what causes multiple sclerosis. Research is ongoing to help identify what causes the disease. Factors that may trigger MS include :

1.    Gene mutations :

Having a family member with MS does increase your risk of the disease. But it’s still unclear exactly how and which genes play a role in triggering multiple sclerosis.

2.    Exposure to certain viruses or bacteria :

Some research suggests that being exposed to certain infections (such as Epstein-Barr virus) can trigger MS later in life.

3.    Factor environment

               Environment may play a role in risk for developing MS. Areas farther from the equator have higher rates of MS. That may be because these regions receive less intense sun.

How is Multiple Sclerosis treated?

Treatments for the conditions seen with MS may include :

a)      Medicines (talk with your provider to see what medicines may be an option for you)

b)      Equipment such as canes, braces, or walkers

c)      Rehabilitation activities

 

How to avoid Multiple Sclerosis?

Disease-modifying therapies are the most effective way to reduce the number of flare-ups (also called relapses or attacks) you experience. Leading a healthy lifestyle is also important. The choices you make can help slow disease progression. Good care can also lessen your symptoms and improve your quality of life.

Lifestyle changes that can improve your condition include :

a.  Eating a healthy diet : There is no magic MS diet. Experts recommend a balanced diet that includes lots of fruit and vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats and lean protein. You should also limit your intake of added sugars, unhealthy fats and processed foods.

b. Getting regular exercise : Multiple sclerosis can cause muscle weakness, loss of balance and difficulty walking. Aerobic exercise, flexibility and strength training are essential to help keep muscles strong and maintain physical function.

c.  Managing stress : Stress can take a physical and emotional toll. It can also interfere with sleep, which can worsen MS-related fatigue. It’s important to find ways to manage stress — such as yoga, meditation, exercise, and working with a mental health provider.

d. Not smoking and limiting alcohol intake: Smoking and alcohol are linked to worsening MS symptoms and could speed the disease's progression. Quitting smoking will support your health.

 

Bibliography

Anonim. (2019). Treatment Stroke. Avaible at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/treatment/ )

Charan, Amit Alexander. dan Priyansha Raj Sinha. 2017. Parkinson’s disease : A

Cleveland Clinic https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17248-multiple-sclerosis

Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2022. Bell’s Palsy. Available at https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/bells-palsy. (accessed on 16 May 2022).

Klik dokter. 2022. Meningitis. Available at https://www.klikdokter.com/penyakit/meningitis (accessed on 16 May 2022).

Logaritma, Nia. No Year. Laporan Pendahuluan dan Askep Meningitis. Available at https://www.academia.edu/6559846/Laporan_Pendahuluan_dan_Askep_Meningitis (accessed on 16 May 2022).

Mayo Clinic. 2022. Bell’s Palsy. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bells-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370028. (accessed on 17 May 2022).

Mayo Clinic. 2022. Meningitis. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350514 (accessed on 16 May 2022).

Mayo Clinic. 2022. Parkinson’s disease. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376062. (accessed on 17 May 2022).

       review article. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 6(9), 511-513.

Robert Brown, M.D.(2013). STROKE. Avaible at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20350113 )

World Health Organization. 2022. Meningitis. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis (accessed on 16 May 2022).

www.nhs.uk. 2019. Meningitis. Available at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/ (accessed on 16 May 2022).

www.nhs.uk. 2020. Epilepsy. Available at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

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